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Volcano


Volcanoes occurs along the earth¡Çs tectonic plates where molten rock is forced upward from magma reservoirs deep in the earth. The magma may be fifty to one¡¡ hundred miles below the ground. As the magma rises, it releases gases that cause an explosion in the vents of the volcano. Lava can reach temperatures of over 2000 degrees F. Molten rock, dust, and gases push through the opening in the earth¡Çs crust and form a mountain. A violent explosion can cause the top of the volcano to blow off leaving a deep crater. Magma contains dissolved gases that are released into the atmosphere during eruptions. Gases are also emitted from magma that either remains below ground (for example, as an intrusion) or is rising toward the surface. In such cases, gases may escape continuously into the atmosphere from the soil, volcanic vents, fumaroles, and hydrothermal systems. At high pressures deep beneath the earth¡Çs surface, volcanic gases are dissolved in molten rock. But as magma rises toward the surface where the pressure is lower, gases held in the melt begin to form tiny bubbles. The increasing volume taken up by gas bubbles makes the magma less dense than the surrounding rock, which may allow the magma to continue its upward journey. Closer to the surface, the bubbles increase in number and size so that the gas volume may exceed the melt volume in the magma, creating a magma foam. The rapidly expanding gas bubbles of the foam can lead to explosive eruptions in which the melt is fragmented into pieces of volcanic rock, known as tephra. If the molten rock is not fragmented by explosive activity, a lava flow will be generated.


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